Semester-V
Title of the Course : Plant Physiology and Metabolism
Nature of course : Major/core-IX
Course code : BOT-C-09
Total Credits : 04
Marks : 100 [End: 60 (Theory: 45, Practical: 15), In: 40]
Course outcome
CO 1: Ability to identify different physiological processes in plant.
CO 2: Ability to discuss absorption, transpiration, photosynthesis, growth in plants.
Learning outcomes:
1. Demonstrate physiological processes in plants
2. Explain the absorption, transpiration, photosynthesis, growth in plants
Modes of internal assessment:
1. One internal examination (theory)
2. One internal examination (Lab)
3. Viva-voce
4. Group discussion
5. Home assignments
Attainment of Cos:
1. Continuous evaluation through in and end-semester theory and practical
examinations
2. Field collection and identification of specimens
3. Practical record book
Unit 1: Plant-water relations 08 lectures
Water Potential and its components, water absorption by roots, aquaporins, the pathways of
water movement, symplast, apoplast, transmembrane pathways, root pressure, guttation.
Ascent of sap–cohesion-tension theory. Transpiration and factors affecting transpiration,
anti-transpirants, and mechanism of stomatal movement.
Unit 2: Mineral Nutrition & Nutrient Uptake 08 lectures
Essential and beneficial elements, macro and micronutrients, methods of study and use of
nutrient solutions, criteria for essentiality, mineral deficiency symptoms, roles of essential
elements, chelating agents.
Soil as a nutrient reservoir, transport of ions across cell membrane, passive absorption,
electrochemical gradient, facilitated diffusion, active absorption, role of ATP, carrier systems,
proton ATPase pump and ion flux, uniport, co-transport, symport, antiport.
Unit 3: Carbon Assimilation & metabolism 15 classes
Historical background, photosynthetic pigments, role of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and
accessory pigments), antenna molecules and reaction centres, photochemical reactions,
photosynthetic electron transport, PSI, PSII, Q cycle, CO2 reduction, photorespiration, C4-
pathways; Crassulacean acid metabolism; Factors affecting CO2 reduction. Respiration: types,
glycolysis and Kreb cycle
Unit 4: Translocation in the phloem 05 classes
Experimental evidence in support of phloem as the site of sugar translocation. Pressure–Flow
Model; Phloem loading and unloading; Source–sink relationship.
Unit 5: Plant growth regulators and physiology of flowering 09 classes
Plant growth regulators: Discovery, chemical nature (basic structure), bioassay and
physiological roles of Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinin, Abscisic acid, Ethylene,
Brassinosteroids and Jasmonic acid.
Physiology of flowering: Photoperiodism, flowering stimulus, florigen concept, vernalization.
Phytochrome , crytochromes and phototropins: Discovery, chemical nature, role in
photomorphogenesis, low energy responses (LER) and high irradiance responses (HIR), mode
of action; seed dormancy.
Lab. activities:
1. Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method.
2. Determination of water potential of given tissue (potato tuber) by weight method.
3. Calculation of stomatal index and stomatal frequency from the two surfaces of
leaves of a mesophyte and xerophyte.
4. To study the phenomenon of seed germination (effect of light).
5. Separation of chloroplast pigments by paper chromatography/TLC
6. Separation of chloroplast pigments by solvent extraction
7. Quantitative analysis of absorption spectrum of photosynthetic pigments.
Suggested Readings
1. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E., Plant Physiology, 5th edition (Sinauer Associates, USA, 2012).
2. URL: http://www.sinauer.com/media/wysiwyg/tocs/PlantPhysiology5.pdf
3. Lambers, H. and Chapin, F. S., Plant Physiological Ecology (Springer, 2000).
4. Mukherji, S. and Ghosh, A.K., Plant Physiology, 1st edition (New Central Book Agency
Private Ltd. Kolkata, 2009).
5. http://www.annualreviews.org/journal/arplant
6. Hormones: http://nptel.ac.in/courses/102103012/27
Semester-V
Title of the Course : Plant breeding and crop improvement
Nature of course : Major/core-X
Course code : BOT-C-10
Total Credits : 04
Marks : 100 [End: 60 (Theory: 45, Pract: 15), In: 40]
Lectures: 60
Course outcomes:
1. Describe the methods used in plant breeding to improve crops
2. Demonstrate proficiency in classical and modern plant breeding techniques
3. Understand selection criteria and methods for breeding new varieties
4. Conduct laboratory work related to plant breeding
Learning outcomes:
1. Explain the fundamental principles of plant breeding and crop improvement
2. Discuss the advantages and limitations of different breeding approaches
3. Understand selection criteria and methods for breeding new varieties
Modes of internal assessment:
1. One internal examination (theory)
2. One internal examination (Lab)
3. Viva-voce
4. Group discussion
5. Home assignments
Attainment of Cos:
1. Continuous evaluation through in and end-semester theory and practical
examinations
2. Field collection and identification of specimens
3. Submission of collected specimens
4. Practical record book
Unit 1: Plant Breeding 10 classes
Introduction and objectives. Breeding systems: modes of reproduction in crop plants. Important
achievements and undesirable consequences of plant breeding.
Unit 2: Methods of Crop Improvement 18 classes
Introduction: Centres of origin and domestication of crop plants, plant genetic resources;
Acclimatization; Selection methods: For self-pollinated, cross-pollinated and vegetatively
propagated plants; Hybridization: For self, cross and vegetatively propagated plants:
Procedure, advantages and limitations.
Unit 3: Inbreeding depression and heterosis 08 classes
History, genetic basis of inbreeding depression and heterosis; Applications.
Unit 5: Crop improvement and breeding 09 classes
Role of mutations; Polyploidy; Distant hybridization and role of biotechnology in crop
improvement.
Lab activities
1. Reproductive biology of self- and cross-pollinating plants
2. Vegetative reproduction – Cutting, Budding, , grafting and layering
3. Hybridization: Emasculation, bagging, pollination and production of hybrids
4. Pollen fertility – Tetrazolium test
Suggested readings
1. Singh, B.D. (2005). Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods. Kalyani Publishers. 7th edition.
2. Chaudhari, H.K. (1984). Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding. Oxford – IBH. 2ndedition.
SEM-V
Title of the Course :Microbiology & Immunology
Nature of course :Major/CORE-XI
Code :BOT-C-11
Total Credits :04
Marks :100 [End: 60 (Theory: 45, Pract: 15), In: 40]
Course outcomes:
1) To classify microorganism based on different parameters
2) To demonstrate different processes involved in microbiology
3) To differentiate between microbial groups
4) To apply microbes for human welfare
5) to understand the basic immunological processes
6) to evaluate different antibiotics and vaccines
Learning Outcome:
1) To distinguish microbes based on different parameters
2) To understand different microbial processes for application in human welfare
3) To describe immunological concepts
4) To understand antibiotic classes and vaccines
Modes of internal assessment:
1. One internal examination (theory)
2. One internal examination (Lab)
3. Viva-voce
4. Group discussion
5. Home assignments
Attainment of Cos:
1. Continuous evaluation through in and end-semester theory and practical
examinations
2. Field collection and identification of specimens
3. Submission of collected specimens
4. Practical record book
Course content
Unit I: Brief history and development of microbiology: 10 classes
Introduction to study of Microbiology, conflict over spontaneous generation, role of
microorganisms in disease, scope of microbiology, development of Koch’s postulate.
Classification of microorganisms; morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics;
nutritional types in microorganisms; Culture media, microbial growth curve uncultured
microbes.
Unit II: Prokaryotic cell structure: 07 classes
Bacterial cell wall, cytoplasmic structure and inclusions bodies, sporulation and spore,
diversity in bacterial structure; actinomycetes, rickettsias, mycoplasma; archaea.
Unit III: Viruses: 08 classes
Basic structures, classification, double-stranded and single-stranded DNA and RNA viruses,
replication strategies of DNA and RNA viruses; viroids and prions; bacteriphages with suitable
examples.
Unit-IV: Application of microbes: 08 classes
Role of microbes in bio-geo-chenical cycling, Biological nitrogen fixation; Industrial
application of microbes: alcohol, organic acids, vaccine, antibiotics; microbial biofilm;
wastewater treatment; bifertilizer and biopesticides; Microbial diseases and their control: Host-
pathogen relationship, mechanisms of virulence, quorum sensing, pathogenesis in plants and
animals
Unit-V: Immunology 12 classes
Immune response, discrimination between self and non-self, innate and acquired immune
response; Innate Immunity: Anatomic and Physiological Barriers, Inflammation, Toll receptors
and PAMPs, DAMPs , Defensisns, and Complement system, NK Cells; Antigen: Antigenicity
vs immunogenicity, B and T cell epitopes; Immunoglobulins: Basic structure, Ig fold and
domains, Classes and subclasses of Ig, Biological activities of Igs, B cell receptor; MHC and
Antigen Presentation; Cytokines and cytokine receptors; autoimmunity
Lab activities
1. Bacterial growth on solid and broth media, pure culture technique, slant preparation
2. Bacterial colony morphology and diversity
3. Gram staining of bacteria
4. Biochemical characterization of bacteria
5. Determination of coliform group in water samples by presumptive, confirmed and
completed test.
6. Study of cells involved in immunology (Photograph/animation)
Textbooks
1. Willey, J., Sherwood, L. and WoolvertonC., Microbiology, 10th edition (McGraw-Hill
Science, 2017).
2. Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Kreig, N.R., Microbiology, Publisher McGraw Hill
Education (India) Private Limited, ISBN-10 0074623206, 5th Edition, 2001.
3. Tortora, G.J., Fernke, B.R. and Case, C.L., Microbiology – An Introduction, 9th
Edition,
4. Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System, Abul K. Abbas,
Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai ( Elseviers Saunders 4 th Edition).
5. Kuby Immunology, Thomas J. Kindt, Barbara A. Osborne, Richard A . Goldsby (W.H.
Freeman Publishers, Sixth Edition).
Suggested Readings
1. M. T. Madigan, J. M. Martinko, K. S. Bender, D. H. Buckley, D. A. Stahl, T. Brock,
Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 14th Edition , Pearson Hall International, 2017.
2. Molecular and Cell Biology (Schaum’s Outlines series special Indian edition) by W. D.
Stansfield, J. S.C. Colome, R. J. Cano and R. N. Sharan (2010), McGraw Hill Education
3. Delves, P., Martin, S., Burton, D., Roitt, I. Roitt's Essential Immunology
(WileyBlackwell, 11th Edition).
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